MRC Articles
1. Konings M, Gerrits van den Ende B, Raats MWJ, Fahal AH, van de Sande WWJ, Hagen F. Complete Genome Sequence of the Itraconazole Decreased Susceptible Madurella fahalii Type-Strain CBS 129176. Mycopathologia. 2024 Jan 17;189(1):6. doi: 10.1007/s11046-023-00807-0. PMID: 38231295; PMCID: PMC10794591.
2. Gabani MH, Ahmed AA, Hassan AA, Abdalla MA, Mustafa SA, Alobaid TA, Khatir AA, Mohammed RM, Awad NI, Abdellateef TA, Hassan A, Ahmed ES, Ali MZ, Fahal AH. The nutritional status of mycetoma affected patients seen at the Mycetoma Research Center, Sudan. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2024 Jan 2;18(1):e0011726. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011726. PMID: 38166142; PMCID: PMC10786388.
3. Ali HO, Elkheir LYM, Fahal AH. The use of artificial intelligence to improve mycetoma management. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2024 Feb 8;18(2):e0011914. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011914. PMID: 38329930; PMCID: PMC10852264.
4. Fahal A, Smith DJ, Nyaoke B, Asiedu K, Falves F, Warusavithanas S, Argaw D, Hay R. Towards enhanced control of mycetoma: a roadmap to achieve the UN’s sustainable development goals by 2030. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2024 Mar 26:trae016. doi: 10.1093/trstmh/trae016. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 38530874.
5. Saeed AA, Mahdi MA, Elalawy IAMA, Alawad SS, Gibree OA, Fahal AH. Integrating Artificial Intelligence in Snakebite Management: An Innovative Approach. Migrat. Lett. 2024Mar.6 [cited 2024Mar.30];21(5):893-901. Available from: https://migrationletters.com/index.php/ml/article/view/9285
6. Fahal AH, Abdelmuniem S. El Mardi. Reviewing the Health Ramifications and Recovery Avenues for Sudan’s April 2023 Armed Conflict. SJMS. 2023; 19(1): DOI 10.18502/13
7. van de Sande WWJ, Fahal AH. An updated list of eumycetoma causative agents and their differences in grain formation and treatment response. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2024, May 1:e0003423. doi: 10.1128/cmr.00034-23. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 38690871.
8. Alhaj AAM, Ahmed ES, Hassan A, Fahal AH. Epidemiological observations and management challenges in extrapedal mycetoma: A three-decade review of 420 cases. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2024 May 10;18(5):e0011841. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011841. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 38728359.
9. Ma J, Eadie K, Fahal A, Verbon A, van de Sande WWJ. The performance and costs of XTT, resazurin, MTS and luciferin as viability dyes in in vitro susceptibility testing of Madurella mycetomatis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2024 May 9:trae030. doi: 10.1093/trstmh/trae030. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 38721683.
10. Omar Ali H, Abraham R, Desoubeaux G, Fahal AH, Tauber C. Evaluation of a computational model for mycetoma-causative agents identification. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2024 Apr 6;118(4):253-263. doi: 10.1093/trstmh/trad057. PMID: 38088215.
11. Ma J, Eadie K, Schippers, M, Fahal A, Laleu B, Verbon A, van de Sande WWJ. Novel Compound MMV1804559 from the Global Health Priority Box Exhibits In Vitro and In Vivo Activity against Madurella mycetomatis. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25, 6227. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25116227
12. du Pré S, Konings M, Schoorl DJA, Fahal AH, Arentshorst M, Ram AFJ, van de Sande WWJ. Protoplast-mediated transformation of Madurella mycetomatis using hygromycin resistance as a selection marker. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2024 Apr 5;18(4):e0012092. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0012092. PMID: 38578808; PMCID: PMC11108199.
13. Fahal AH, Ahmed ES, Bakhiet SM, Bakhiet OE, Fahal LA. Mohamed AA, Mohamedelamin EW, Nour Bahar WEB, Attalla HY, Siddig EE, Mahmoud NA, Musa AM, van de Sande WW, Scherrer B, Oyieko P, Egondi TW, Onyango KO, Hata K, Chu WY, Dorlo TPC, Brüggemann RJ, Nyaoke; BA, Strub-Wourgaft N, Zijlstra EE. Two dose levels of once-weekly fosravuconazole versus daily. Lancet infectious Diseases. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(24)00404-3 1
14. Elkheir LYM, Delaye PO, Penichon M, Eadie K, Mohamed MA, Besson P, Chesnay A, G. Desoubeaux G, Roger S, van de Sande WWJ, Fahal AH, Enguehard Gueiffier C. Emerging Therapeutics: The imidazo[1,2-b]pyridazine scaffold as a novel drug candidate for eumycetoma, a neglected tropical disease. Eur J Med Chem. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116720.
15. Fahal AH, Ahmed ES, Saaed AA, Alves F, Nyaoke B, Asiedu K, Hay R. Hope Amidst Neglect: Mycetoma Research Center, University of Khartoum. A Holistic Management Approach to Achieve the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals. PLoS NTS Accepted.
16. Fahal AH, Ahmed ES, Mahmoud AH, Saad AA. The Mycetoma Research Center, University of Khartoum, Sudan’s experience in community engagement initiatives spans three decades. PLoS NTS Accepted.
17. Saeed AA, Gibreel OA, Mousa AB, Omer SM, Omer AA, , Elalawy IAMA, Faha AH. Knowledge and perceptions of snakes, snakebites and their management among health workers in Sudan. PLoS One – Accepted
18. El-Amin R, El-Amin SO, El-Sadig SM, Fahal AH, Musa AM. The risk factors for painful Mycetoma lesions in patients visiting the Mycetoma Research Centre (MRC) in Khartoum, Sudan. Trans Roy Soc Trop Med Hyg. – Accepted.
In Press
19. EL Mahdi TE, Fahal AH. The Effects of Sudan’s April 2023 War on Medical Education and Prospects for Recovery. SJMS- Accepted
20. Astrid C. Erber, Prabin Dahal, Alexandro Bonifaz, Matthew Brack, Joanna Brodersen, Eli Harriss, Maren Jeleff-Entscheff, Brittany Maguire, Sandra Regensburger, Amala Srambickal, Nathalie Strub-Wourgaft, Andrés Tirado-Sánchez, Tobias Weichselberger, Ahmed H. Fahal, Ed Zijlstra, Philippe J. Guérin. A systematic review of the clinical study landscape for eumycetoma, 1990-2022- sent for publication
21. Ahmed Ibrahim, Alnada Ibrahim, Ali M Osman, Sara Gorashi , Ahmed H Fahal. Developing a Specialist-driven Evaluation Tool for Assessing the Information, Visual, and Technical Qualities of Health-Related Websites (InfoVisTech-HWQual).
22. Khair, Randa; Abu-Elkhayrate, Haytham; Ibrahim, Mohamed Toum; Fahal, Ahmed. Pattern of Limb Ischemia in Khartoum- Sudan
23. Ali Awadallah Saeed, Omer Gibreel, Eman Kheir, Sawsan M Almekkawi, Ahmad Mohammad Al Zamel, Intisar Elalawy; Abdel Monim MH Medani, Samia Saeed Alawad, Maria Hassan Mohammed, Asim Elnour, Ahmed Fahal, Qurashi Ali E. learning During the Sudan War: The Challenges and Benefits.
24. Abdourahmane Ouangré, Ibrahim Savadogo, Hamado Ouédraogo, Nebon Delphine Bado, André Nagalo, Fagnima Traoré, Abdoul Kader Dem, Sibiri Abdoul Karim Bouda, Djima Fahriane Dora Koulibary, Abdoulaye Sawadogo, Seydou Nakanabo Diallo, Jean-Pierre Gangneux, Ahmed Hassan Fahal, Sanata Bamba. Burden of Mycetoma in Burkina Faso: Case Series and Literature Review.
25. Mohamed AF, Saeed AA, Mohamoud MA, Jama AA, Fahal AH. Mycetoma in Somalia. The Mycetoma in Somalia: An updated literature Review.
1. Siddig EE, Ahmed A, Eltigani HF, Bakhiet SM, van de Sande WWJ, Fahal AH. The First Case of Fusarium falciforme Eumycetoma in Sudan and an Extensive Literature Review about Treatment Worldwide. J Fungi (Basel). 2023 Jul 6;9(7):730. doi: 10.3390/jof9070730. PMID: 37504719
2. Siddig EE, Ahmed A, Hassan OB, Bakhiet SM, Verbon A, Fahal AH, van de Sande WWJ. Using a Madurella mycetomatis-specific PCR on grains obtained via non-invasive fine-needle aspirated material is more accurate than cytology. Mycoses. 2023 Jun;66(6):477-482. doi: 10.1111/myc.13572. Epub 2023 Feb 19. PMID: 36740735
3. Siddig EE, Nyuykonge B, Mhmoud NA, Abdallah OB, Bahar MEN, Ahmed ES, Nyaoke B, Zijlstra EE, Verbon A, Bakhiet SM, Fahal AH, van de Sande WWJ. Comparing the performance of the common used eumycetoma diagnostic tests.
Mycoses. 2023 May;66(5):420-429. doi: 10.1111/myc.13561. Epub 2023 Jan 17. PMID: 36583225
4. Yoshioka I, Mori Y, Fahal AH, Siddig EE, Kaneko S, Yaguchi T. Specific and sensitive loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) method for Madurella strains, eumycetoma filamentous fungi causative agent. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2023 Sep 18;17(9):e0011644. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011644. PMID: 37721946; PMCID: PMC10538720.
5. Nyuykonge B, Siddig EE, Nyaoke BA, Zijlstra EE, Verbon A, Bakhiet SM, Fahal AH, van de Sande WWJ. Using (1,3)-β-D-glucan concentrations in serum to monitor the response of azole therapy in patients with eumycetoma caused by Madurella mycetomatis. Mycoses. 2023 Oct 23. doi: 10.1111/myc.13664. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 37872649.
6. Nyuykonge B, Siddig E, Mhmoud NA, Bakhiet S, Zijlstra E, Verbon A, Fahal AH, van de Sande WWJ. Wako β-D-glucan assay can be used to measure serum β-D-glucan in Sudanese patients to aid with diagnosis of eumycetoma caused by Madurella mycetomatis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2023 Apr;37(4):783-786. doi: 10.1111/jdv.18642. Epub 2022 Oct 17. PMID: 36201367.
7. Musa EA, Abdoon IH, Bakhiet SM, Osman B, Abdalla SA, Fahal AH. Mycetoma management and clinical outcomes: the Mycetoma Research Center experience. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2023 Jan 3;117(1):12-21. doi: 10.1093/trstmh/trac069. PMID: 35903002.
8. Konings M, Eadie K, Strepis N, Nyuykonge B, Fahal AH, Verbon A, van de Sande WWJ. The combination of manogepix and itraconazole is synergistic and inhibits the growth of Madurella mycetomatis in vitro but not in vivo. Med Mycol. 2023 Nov 13:myad118. doi: 10.1093/mmy/myad118. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 37960934.
9. Fahal AH, Bakhiet SM (2023) Mycetoma and the environment. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 17(11): e0011736. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0011736.
10. Badri R, Fahal AH (2023) The impact of the Sudan armed conflict on Mycetoma control. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 17(12): e0011783. https://doi. org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0011783
11. Hashizume H, Taga S, Sakata MK, Hussein M, Siddig EE, Minamoto T, Fahal AH, Kaneko S. Environmental detection of eumycetoma pathogens using multiplex real-time PCR for soil DNA in Sennar State, Sudan. Trop Med Health. 2023 Dec 19;51(1):71. doi: 10.1186/s41182-023-00563-3. PMID: 38115141.
12. Omar Ali H, Abraham R, Desoubeaux G, Fahal AH, Tauber C. Evaluation of a computational model for mycetoma-causative agents identification. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2023 Dec 13:trad057. doi: 10.1093/trstmh/trad057. Online ahead of print. PMID: 38088215
1. Siddig EE, Verbon A, Bakhiet S, Fahal AH, van de Sande WWJ. The developed molecular biological identification tools for mycetoma causative agents: An update. Acta Trop. 2022 Jan; 225:106205.
2. Fahal LA, Ahmed ES, Bakhiet SM, Siddig EE, Fahal AH. The Mycetoma Research Centre experience during the COVID-19 pandemic: obstacles and beyond. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2022 Jan 19;116(1):1-3.
3. Hashizume H, Taga S, Sakata MK, Taha MHM, Siddig EE, Minamoto T, Fahal AH, Kaneko S. Detection of multiple mycetoma pathogens using fungal metabarcoding analysis of soil DNA in an endemic area of Sudan. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2022 Mar 11; 16(3):e0010274.
4. Nyuykonge B, Lim W, van Amelsvoort L, Bonifaz A, Fahal A, Badali H, Abbastabar M, Verbon A, van de Sande W. Eumycetoma Causative Agents are Inhibited in vitro by Luliconazole, Lanoconazole and Ravuconazole. Mycoses. 2022 Apr 10.
5. Lim W, Konings M, Parel F, Eadie K, Strepis N, Fahal A, Verbon A, van de Sande WWJ. Inhibiting DHN- and DOPA-melanin biosynthesis pathway increased the therapeutic value of itraconazole in Madurella mycetomatis infected Galleria mellonella. Med Mycol. 2022 Feb 2;60(2):myac003.
6. Lim W, Nyuykonge B, Eadie K, Konings M, Smeets J, Fahal A, Bonifaz A, Todd M, Perry B, Samby K, Burrows J, Verbon A, van de Sande W. Screening the pandemic response box identified benzimidazole carbamates, Olorofim and ravuconazole as promising drug candidates for the treatment of eumycetoma. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2022 Feb 4;16(2):e0010159.
7. Fahal AH, Otieno LA, Ahmed ES, Kashif T, Khalid M, Mahmoud AH, Ododo L, Kyalo T, Bakhiet SM. Visual ethnographic documentation: a novel tool for mycetoma awareness and advocacy. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2022 May 30:trac048.
8. Rawaa Adlan Elhady Ahmed, Alkhair Abd Almahmoud Idris, Nadia Ibrahim Eldawi, Ahmed Hassan Fahal. Role of special stains in the identification of fungi in eumycetoma among Sudanese patients in Soba University Hospital. Microbes Infectious Dis. 2022; 3(1): 185-191.
9. Siddig EE, El Had Bakhait O, El Nour Bahar M, Siddig Ahmed E, Bakhiet SM, Motasim Ali M, Babekir Abdallah O, Ahmed Hassan R, Verbon A, van de Sande WWJ, Fahal AH. Ultrasound-guided Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology significantly improved mycetoma diagnosis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2022 Jun 24.
10. Esraa Musa, Iman Hassan Abdoon, Sahar Mubarak Bakhiet, Bashier Osman, Safa A Abdalla. Mycetoma management and clinical outcomes: The mycetoma research centre experience. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2022 (DOI: trac069)
11. Watson AK, Kepplinger B, Bakhiet SM, Mhmoud NA, Chapman J, Allenby NE, Mickiewicz K, Goodfellow M, Fahal AH, Errington J. Systematic whole-genome sequencing reveals an unexpected diversity among actinomycetoma pathogens and provides insights into their antibacterial susceptibilities. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2022 Jul 25;16(7):e0010128.
12. Nyuykonge B, Siddig EE, Konings M, Bakhiet S, Verbon A, Klaassen CHW, Fahal AH, van de Sande WWJ. Madurella mycetomatis grains within a eumycetoma lesion are clonal. Med Mycol. 2022 Jul 14:myac051. doi: 10.1093/mmy/myac051. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 35833294.
13. Musa EA, Abdoon IH, Bakhiet SM, Osman B, Abdalla SA, Fahal AH. Mycetoma management and clinical outcomes: the Mycetoma Research Center experience. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2022 Jul 28:trac069. doi: 10.1093/trstmh/trac069. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 35903002.
14. Nyuykonge B, Siddig EE, Mhmoud NA, Nyaoke BA, Zijlstra EE, Verbon A, Bakhiet S, Fahal AH, van de Sande WWJ. Epidemiological cut-off values for itraconazole and ravuconazole for Madurella mycetomatis, the most common causative agent of mycetoma. Mycoses. 2022 Dec;65(12):1170-1178. doi: 10.1111/myc.13509. Epub 2022 Aug 25. PMID: 36005544.
15. Hassan R, Deribe K, Simpson H, Bremner S, Elhadi O, Alnour M, Fahal AH, Newport M, Bakhiet S. Individual Risk Factors of Mycetoma Occurrence in Eastern Sennar Locality, Sennar State, Sudan: A Case-Control Study. Trop Med Infect Dis. 2022 Aug 10;7(8):174. doi: 10.3390/tropicalmed7080174. PMID: 36006266; PMCID: PMC9412883.
16. Santona A, Mhmoud NA, Siddig EE, Deligios M, Fiamma M, Paglietti B, Bakhiet SM, Rubino S, Fahal AH. Metagenomic detection of eumycetoma causative agents from households of patients residing in two Sudanese endemic villages in White Nile State. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2022 Aug 30;16(8):e0010385. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010385. PMID: 36040926; PMCID: PMC9467367.
17. Nyuykonge B, Siddig E, Mhmoud NA, Bakhiet S, Zijlstra E, Verbon A, Fahal AH, van de Sande WWJ. Wako β-D-glucan assay can be used to measure serum β-D-glucan in Sudanese patients to aid with diagnosis of eumycetoma caused by Madurella mycetomatis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2022 Oct 6. doi: 10.1111/jdv.18642. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 36201367.
18. Hassan R, Cano J, Fronterre C, Bakhiet S, Fahal A, Deribe K, Newport M. Estimating the burden of mycetoma in Sudan for the period 1991-2018 using a model-based geostatistical approach. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2022 Oct 14;16(10):e0010795. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010795. PMID: 36240229; PMCID: PMC9604875.
19. Siddig EE, Nyuykonge B, Bakheit OEH, Hassan OB, Ahmed ES, Osman AA, Bakhiet SM, van de Sande WW, Fahal AH. Staphylococcus aureus causing primary foot botryomycosis mimicking actinomycetoma: a case report from Sudan. Int J Infect Dis. 2022 Nov;124:224-226. doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2022.10.010. Epub 2022 Oct 12. PMID: 36241164.
20. Hounsome N, Hassan R, Bakhiet SM, Deribe K, Bremner S, Fahal AH, Newport MJ. Role of socioeconomic factors in developing mycetoma: Results from a household survey in Sennar State, Sudan. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2022 Oct 17;16(10):e0010817. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010817. PMID: 36251732; PMCID: PMC9624402.
21. Litvintseva AP, Bakhiet S, Gade L, Wagner DD, Bagal UR, Batra D, Norris E, Rishishwar L, Beer KD, Siddig EE, Mhmoud NA, Chow NA, Fahal A. Genomics and metagenomics of Madurella mycetomatis, a causative agent of black grain mycetoma in Sudan. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2022 Nov 2;16(11):e0010787. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010787. PMID: 36322569; PMCID: PMC9629555.
22. Fongwen N, Asiedu KB, Bakhiet S, Bonifaz A, Cruz I, Argaw D, Estrada-Chavez G, Fahal AH, Litvintseva A, Marks M, Salinas-Carmona MC, Sow D, van de Sande WWJ. Diagnostics to support mycetoma management-Development of two target product profiles. Trop Med Int Health. 2022 Dec;27(12):1059-1064. doi: 10.1111/tmi.13828. Epub 2022 Nov 14. PMID: 36329624.
23. Adam SAY, Ahmed ES, Mohammed Adam SI, Abdallah OB, Siddig EE, Fahal AH. Eumycetoma with pulmonary dissemination an unusual complication: Case series and literature review. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2022 Nov 10;16(11):e0010867. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010867. PMID: 36355778; PMCID: PMC9648700.
24. Fahal AH, Ahmed KO, Saeed AA, Elkhawad AO, Bakhiet SM. Why the mycetoma patients are still neglected. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2022 Dec 29;16(12):e0010945.
25. Siddig EE, Nyuykonge B, Mhmoud NA, Abdallah OB, El Nour Bahar M, Ahmed ES, Nyaoke B, Zijlstra EE, Verbon A, Bakhiet SM, Fahal AH, van de Sande WWJ. Comparing the performance of the common used eumycetoma diagnostic tests. Mycoses. 2022 Dec 29.
26. Fahal AH. The International Research Collaboration: A room for improvement. Khartoum Medical Journal. 2022; 15(3): 1987.
27. Ali HO, Fahal AH. Why is mycetoma still a public health dilemma and a unique neglected tropical disease?. Khartoum Medical Journal. 2022; 15(3): 1990 – 1999.
28. Ahmed KO, Osman IA, Abdalnabi AM, Bakhiet SM, Elkhawad A, Fahal AH. Are pharmacists neglecting the neglected mycetoma in the most endemic area in Sudan? An opportunity for improvement. Khartoum Medical Journal. 2022; 15(3): 2000-2008.
29. Habeeb AT, Neumayer A, Fahal AH. Congenital venous malformation mimics actinomycetoma foot. Kharotum Medical Journal. 2022; 15(3): 2015-2017.
30. Siddig EE, Nyuykonge B, Mhmoud NA, Abdallah OB, Bahar MEN, Ahmed ES, Nyaoke B, Zijlstra EE, Verbon A, Bakhiet SM, Fahal AH, van de Sande WWJ. Comparing the performance of the common used eumycetoma diagnostic tests. Mycoses. 2022 Dec 29.
2023 Publications:
1. Siddig EE, Ahmed A, Hassan OB, Bakhiet SM, Verbon A, Fahal AH, van de Sande WWJ. Using a Madurella mycetomatis specific PCR on grains obtained via non-invasive Fine Needle Aspirated material is more accurate than cytology. Mycoses. 2023 Feb 5. doi: 10.1111/myc.13572. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 36740735.
1. Hassan R, Deribe K, Fahal AH, Newport M, Bakhiet S. Clinical epidemiological characteristics of mycetoma in Eastern Sennar locality, Sennar State, Sudan. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2021 Dec 13;15(12):e0009847.
2. Siddig EE, Ahmed A, Ali Y, Bakhiet SM, Mohamed NS, Ahmed ES, Fahal AH. Eumycetoma Medical Treatment: Past, Current Practice, Latest Advances and Perspectives. Microbiology Research. 2021; 12(4):899-906.
3. Nyuykonge B, van Amelsvoort L, Eadie K, Fahal AH, Verbon A, van de Sande W. Comparison of Disc Diffusion, Etest, and a Modified CLSI Broth Microdilution Method for In Vitro Susceptibility Testing of Itraconazole, Posaconazole, and Voriconazole against Madurella mycetomatis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2021 Aug 17;65(9):e0043321.
4. Konings M, Eadie K, Lim W, Fahal AH, Mouton J, Tesse N, van de Sande WWJ. The synthetic synergistic cinnamon oil CIN-102 is active against Madurella mycetomatis, the most common causative agent of mycetoma. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2021 Jun 9;15(6):e0009488.
5. Hassan R, Simpson H, Cano J, Bakhiet S, Ganawa E, Argaw D, Newport MJ, Deribe K, Fahal AH. Modelling the spatial distribution of mycetoma in Sudan. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2021 Oct 1;115(10):1144-1152.
6. Oladele RO, Ly F, Sow D, Akinkugbe AO, Ocansey BK, Fahal AH, van de Sande WWJ. Mycetoma in West Africa. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2021 Apr 14;115(4):328-336.
7. Azrag RS, Bakhiet SM, Mhmoud NA, Almalik AM, Mohamed AH, Fahal AH. A possible role for ticks in the transmission of Madurella mycetomatis in a mycetoma-endemic village in Sudan. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2021 Apr 14;115(4):364-374.
8. Yosif AA, Bakhiet SM, Abdalla TH, Mhmoud NA, Siddig EE, Fahal AH. Invasive, aggressive mastoid bone eumycetoma: a treatment challenge. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2021 Apr 14;115(4):431-435.
9. Ganawa ETS, Bushara MA, Musa AEA, Bakhiet SM, Fahal AH. Mycetoma spatial geographical distribution in the Eastern Sennar locality, Sennar State, Sudan. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2021 Apr 14;115(4):375-382.
10. Kébé M, Ba O, Mohamed Abderahmane MA, Mohamed Baba ND, Ball M, Fahal A. A study of 87 mycetoma patients seen at three health facilities in Nouakchott, Mauritania. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2021 Apr 14;115(4):315-319.
11. Fahal AH. Mycetoma: the journey from neglect to recognition as a neglected tropical disease. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2021 Apr 14;115(4):292-294.
12. Bahar ME, Bakheet OELH, Fahal AH. Mycetoma imaging: the best practice. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2021 Apr 14;115(4):387-396.
13. Mohamed ESW, Bakhiet SM, El Nour M, Suliman SH, El Amin HM, Fahal AH. Surgery in mycetoma-endemic villages: unique experience. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2021 Apr 14;115(4):320-323.
14. Mhmoud NA, Siddig EE, Nyuykonge B, Bakhiet SM, van de Sande WWJ, Fahal AH. Mycetoma caused by Microascus gracilis: a novel agent of human eumycetoma in Sudan. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2021 Apr 14;115(4):426-430.
15. Omer RF, Ahmed ES, Ali BM, Alhaj HE, Bakhiet SM, Mohamed ESW, Strub-Wourgaft N, Fahal AH. The challenges of recruitment in clinical trials in developing countries: the Mycetoma Research Centre experience. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2021 Apr 14;115(4):397-405.
16. Ezaldeen EA, Ahmed ES, Fahal AH. Massive complicated secondary inguinal mycetoma: a case series. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2021 Apr 14;115(4):420-425.
17. Siddig EE, van de Sande WWJ, Fahal AH. Actinomycetoma laboratory-based diagnosis: a mini-review. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2021 Apr 14;115(4):355-363.
18. Santona A, Mhmoud NA, Siddig EE, Deligios M, Fiamma M, Bakhiet SM, Barac A, Paglietti B, Rubino S, Fahal AH. Metagenomics of black grains: new highlights in the understanding of eumycetoma. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2021 Apr 14;115(4):307-314.
19. Zaid DM, Bakheet OE, Ahmed ES, Abdalati F, Mhmoud NA, Mohamed ESW, Bakhiet SM, Siddig EE, Fahal AH. Multiple extensive Madurella mycetomatis eumycetoma lesions: a case report and review of the literature. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2021 Apr 14;115(4):411-414.
20. Bakheet OE, Hassan MA, Fahal AH. Extensive perineal Actinomadura pelletieri actinomycetoma-induced urethral stricture: a rare complication. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2021 Apr 14;115(4):415-419.
21. Siddig EE, Nyuykonge B, Ahmed MT, Hassan R, Saad ESA, Mhmoud NA, Bakhiet SM, van de Sande WWJ, Fahal AH. Human actinomycetoma caused by Actinomadura mexicana in Sudan: the first report. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2021 Apr 14;115(4):406-410.
22. Traxler RM, Beer KD, Blaney DD, van de Sande WWJ, Fahal AH, Asiedu KB, Bower WA, Chiller T. Development of the Global Mycetoma Working Group. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2021 Apr 14;115(4):437-440.
23. Hay RJ, Asiedu KB, Fahal AH. Mycetoma – a long journey out of the shadows. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2021 Apr 14;115(4):281-282.
24. Nyuykonge B, Eadie K, Zandijk WHA, Ahmed SA, Desnos-Ollivier M, Fahal AH, de Hoog S, Verbon A, van de Sande WWJ, Klaassen CHW. A Short-Tandem-Repeat Assay (MmySTR) for Studying Genetic Variation in Madurella mycetomatis. J Clin Microbiol. 2021 Feb 18;59(3):e02331-20.
25. Kunna E, Yamamoto T, Fahal A. The use of traditional medicines among mycetoma patients. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2021 Apr 14;115(4):297-306.
1. Amir Arastehfar, Wilson Lim, Farnaz Daneshnia, Wendy WJ van de Sande, Ahmed H Fahal, Marie Desnos-Ollivier, Gerrit S de Hoog, Teun Boekhout, Sarah A Ahmed. Madurella Real-Time PCR, a Novel Approach for Eumycetoma Diagnosis PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2020 Jan 15[Online ahead of print] PMID: 31940343 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007845
2. Rita O Oladele, Iorhen E Akase, Ahmed H Fahal, Nelesh P Govender, Martin Hoenigl, Jean Pierre Gangneux, Tom M Chiller, David W Denning, Oliver A Cornely, Arunaloke Chakrabarti. Bridging the Knowledge Gap on Mycoses in Africa: Setting Up a Pan-African Mycology Working Group. Mycoses. 2020 Mar;63(3):244-249. doi: 10.1111/myc.13044. Epub 2019 Dec 30.
3. Hussein HS, Bakhiet SM, Fahal AH. The late presentation of mycetoma patients: the challenges. Khartoum Med J. 2018; 13(01): 1681 – 1687.
4. Wilson Lim, Kimberly Eadie, Mickey Konings, Bart Rijnders, Ahmed H. Fahal, Jason D. Oliver, Mike Birch, Annelies Verbon, Wendy van de Sande. The eumycetoma causative agent Madurella mycetomatis is highly susceptible towards olorofim. J Antimicrob Chemother 2020; 75: 936–941 doi:10.1093/jac/dkz529.
5. Khidir ES, Ahmed A, Fahal AH, Ibrahim AA. Draft Genome Sequences of Three Clinical Isolates of Madurella mycetomatis, the Major Cause of Black-Grain Mycetoma. Microbiol Resour Announc. 2020 Apr 16;9(16). pii: e01533-19. doi: 10.1128/MRA.01533-19.
6. Sheehan G, Konings M, Lim W, Fahal A, Kavanagh K, van de Sande WWJ. Proteomic analysis of the processes leading to Madurella mycetomatis grain formation in Galleria mellonella larvae. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2020 Apr 8;14(4):e0008190. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008190. eCollection 2020 Apr.
7. Ali RS, Newport MJ, Bakhiet SM, Ibrahim ME, Fahal AH. Host genetic susceptibility to mycetoma. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2020; 14(4): e0008053. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0008053.
8. Kwizera R, Bongomin F, Meya DB, Denning DW, Fahal AH, Lukande R. Mycetoma in Uganda: A neglected tropical disease. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2020; 14(4): e0008240. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0008240
9. Elkheir LYM, Haroun R, Mohamed MA, Fahal AH. Madurella mycetomatis causing eumycetoma medical treatment: The challenges and prospects. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2020; 14(8): e0008307. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0008307
10. Hay RJ, Asiedu KB, Fahal AH. Mycetoma – a long journey out of the shadows. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2020; 0: 1–2 doi:10.1093/trstmh/traa162 Advance Access publication 0 2020
11. Nyuykongea B, Eadiea K, Zandijka WHA, Ahmed SA, Desnos-Ollivier M Fahal AH, de Hoogb S, Verbona A, van de Sandea WJJ. Klaassena CHW. A Short Tandem Repeat Assay for Studying Genetic Variation in Madurella mycetomatis (MmySTR). J Clin Microbiol. 2020 Dec 9; JCM.02331-20. doi: 10.1128/JCM.02331-20. Online ahead of print.
12. Kunna E, Yamamoto T, Fahal AH. The Traditional Medicine Practice among Mycetoma Patients. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2020; 0: 1–10. doi:10.1093/trstmh/traa135 Advance Access publication 0 2020
13. Zaman S, Nahara P, MacGregorb H, Barkerb T, Bayisengec J, Callowa C, Fairheadd J, Fahal AH, Hounsomea N, Roemer-Mahlerd A, Mugumec P, Tadelef G, Davey G. Severely stigmatised skin neglected tropical diseases: a protocol for social science engagement. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2020; 114: 1013–1020 doi:10.1093/trstmh/traa141
14. Lim W, Siddig E, Eadie K, Nyuykonge B, Ahmed S, Fahal A, Verbon A, Smit S, van de Sande WW. The development of a novel diagnostic PCR for Madurella mycetomatis using a comparative genome approach. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2020 Dec 16;14(12):e0008897. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008897. eCollection 2020 Dec. PMID: 33326425
1- Emmanuel Edwar Siddig, Najwa Adam Mhmoud, Sahar Mubarak Bakhiet, Omnia Babekir Abdallah, Salwa Osman Mekki, Nadia I El Dawi, Wendy Van de Sande, Ahmed Hassan Fahal. The Accuracy of Histopathological and Cytopathological Techniques in the Identification of the Mycetoma Causative Agents. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2019 Aug 29;13(8): e0007056. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007056. eCollection 2019 Aug.
2- Roderick Hay, David Denning, Alexandro Bonifaz, Flavio Queiroz, Telles, Karlyn Beer, Beatriz Bustamante, Arunaloke Chakrabarti, Guadelupe, Chavez, Tom Chiller, Murielle Cornet, Roberto Estrada, Lupi Estrada, Ahmed Fahal, Beatriz Gomez, Ruoyu Li, Yesholata Mahabeer, Anisa Mosam, Lala Soavina Ramarozatovo, Mala Rakoto Andrianarivelo, Fahafahantsoa Rapelanoro Rabenj, Wendy van de Sande, Ed Zijlstra. The diagnosis of Fungal Neglected Tropical Diseases and the role of investigation and laboratory tests: An expert consensus report. Trop Med Infect Dis. 2019 Sep 24;4(4). pii: E122. doi: 10.3390/tropicalmed4040122
3- Abushouk A, Nasr A, Masuadi E, Allam G, Siddig EE, Fahal AH (2019) The Role of Interleukin-1 cytokine family (IL-1β, IL-37) and interleukin-12 cytokine family (IL-12, IL-35) in eumycetoma infection pathogenesis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 13(4): e0007098. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0007098
4- Sahar Mubarak Bakhiet, Samani Wadaa Mohamed, Najwa A Mhmoud, Emmanuel Edwar Siddig, El, Dania Mohammed Ibrahim, Eiman Siddig Ahmed, Ahmed Hassan Fahal. Madurella mycetomatis causing Multiple mycetoma lesions: A rare presentation. Khartoum Med J. 2019; 12(1): 1574 – 1578.
5- Lim W, Eadie K, Horst-Kreft D, Ahmed SA, Fahal AH, van de Sande WWJ. VNTR confirms the heterogeneity of Madurella mycetomatis and is a promising typing tool for this mycetoma causing agent. Med Mycol. 2019; 57(4): 434-440. doi: 10.1093/mmy/myy055.
6- Mhmoud NA, Santona A, Fiamma M, Siddig EE, Deligios M, Bakhiet SM, Rubino S, Fahal AH. Chaetomium atrobrunneum causing human eumycetoma: The first report. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2019 May 30;13(5):e0007276. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0007276.
7- Emmanuel Edwar Siddig, Ali Mahmoud Mohammed Edris, Sahar Mubarak Bakhiet, Wendy WJ. van de Sande, Ahmed Hassan Fahal. Interleukin-17 and Matrix Metalloprotease-9 expression in the Mycetoma granuloma in Sudanese PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2019; 13(7): e0007351.
8- Nyuykonge B, Croughs PD, Fahal AH, Verbon A, van de Sande WWJ. Pyomelanin Secretion in Madurella mycetomatis Interferes with Spectrophotometrically End-point Reading using the Sensititre™ YeastOne™ Alamar Blue Assay but not with Visual End-point Reading. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2019 Oct 14. pii: AAC.01532-19. doi: 10.1128/AAC.01532-19. https://aac.asm.org/content/early/2019/10/08/AAC.01532-19.long
1.Kloezen W, Parel F, Brüggemann R, Asouit K, Helvert-van Poppel M, Fahal A, Mouton J, van de Sande W. Amphotericin B and terbinafine but not the azoles prolong survival in Galleria mellonella larvae infected with Madurella mycetomatis. Med Mycol. 2018 Jun 1;56(4):469-478. doi: 10.1093/mmy/myx064.
2.van de Sande W, Fahal A, Ahmed SA, Serrano JA, Bonifaz A, Zijlstra E; eumycetoma working group. Closing the mycetoma knowledge gap. Med Mycol. 2018 Apr 1; 56(suppl_1):153-164. doi: 10.1093/mmy/myx061.PMID:28992217
3.Bakhiet SM, Fahal AH, Musa AM, Mohamed ELSW, Omer RF, Ahmed ES, et al. (2018) A holistic approach to the mycetoma management. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 12(5):e0006391. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0006391
4.Abdallah MOE, Algizouli UK, Suliman MA, Abdulrahman RA, Koko M, Fessahaye G, Shakir JH, Fahal AH, Elhassan AM, Ibrahim ME and Mohamed HS (2018) EBV Associated Breast Cancer Whole Methylome Analysis Reveals Viral and Developmental Enriched Pathways. Front. Oncol. 8:316. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00316
5.Lim W, Eadie K, Horst-Kreft D, Ahmed SA, Fahal Ah, van de Sande WWJ.
VNTR confirms Madurella mycetomatis heterogeneity and is a promising typing tool for Madurella mycetomatis. Med Mycol. 2018 Jul 31. doi: 10.1093/mmy/myy055.
6.Sahar Mubarak Bakhiet, Emmanuel Edwar Siddig, Omnia Babekir Abdallah, EL Samani Wadaa Mohamed, Ahmed Hassan Fahal. Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology Utility in the Identification of Mycetoma Causative Agents: The Mycetoma Research Center Experience. Khartoum Med J. 2018: 11(0): 1499 – 1506.
7.Bertrand Nyuykonge, Wilson Lim, Ahmed Fahal, Wendy W.J. van de Sande. Mycetoma. Dutch Journal of Infectious Diseases – 2018; 13(6): 143-150.
8.Ahmed Hassan Fahal, Suliman Hussein Suliman, Roderick Hay, Mycetoma – The Spectrum of Clinical Presentation. Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2018, 3, 97; doi:10.3390/tropicalmed 3030097
9.Mustafa Abbas, Peter Siordet Scolding, Abubaker Ahmed Yosif, Roa Fath EL Rahman, Melka Osman EL-Sayed, Mohamed Kamal Elbashir, Nora Groce, Ahmed Hassan Fahal. The Disabling Consequences of Mycetoma. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 12(12): e0007019. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0007019
1. Mitjà O, Marks M, Bertran L, Kollie K, Argaw D, Fahal AH, Fitzpatrick C, Claire Fuller L, Izquierdo BG, Hay R, Ishii N, Johnson C,Lazarus JV, Meka A, Murdoch M, Ohene SA, Smal Pl, Andrew Steer A, Tabah EN, Tiendrebeogo A, Lance Waller L, Yotsu R, Walker SL, Kingsley Asiedut K. Integrated Control and Management of Neglected Tropical Skin Diseases. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017, 11(1): e0005136. Doi
2. Fahal AH (2017) Mycetoma: A global medical and socio-economic dilemma. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 11(4): e0005509. https://doi.org/10.1371/ journal.pntd.0005509
3. Eadie K, Parel F, Helvert-van Poppel M, Fahal A, van de Sande W. Combining two antifungal agents does not enhance survival of Galleria mellonella larvae infected with Madurella mycetomatis. Trop Med Int Health. 2017 Mar 25. doi: 10.1111/tmi.12871.
4. Ahmed AA, van de Sande W, Fahal AH. Mycetoma laboratory diagnosis: Review article. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2017; 11(8): e0005638. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0005638
5. Wendy van de Sande, Ahmed Fahal, Sarah Abdalla Ahmed, Julian Alberto Serrano, Alexandro Bonifaz, Ed Zijlstra. Closing the mycetoma knowledge gap. Medical Mycology. 2017; 0,1–12 doi:10.1093/mmy/myx061
6. Siddig EE, Fahal AH. Histopathological Approach for the Diagnosis of Mycetoma Causative Agents: A Mini Review. J Cytol Histol. 2017; 8: 466. doi: 10.4172/2157-7099.1000466.
7. Saad ESA, Fahal AH (2017) Broncho-pleuro-cutaneous fistula and pneumothorax: Rare challenging complications of chest wall eumycetoma. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 11(9): e0005737. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0005737
8. Ahmed H M Ibrahim, Ali Mohamed Osman, A H Fahal, Alnada A M Ibrahim. The use of a documentary drama film to improve the knowledge, attitude and practice of an endemic village population towards mycetoma at Sennar State, Sudan. 9. Khartoum Med J. 2017; 10(2):1385 – 1391
9. Kloezen W, Parel F, Brüggemann R, Asouit K, Helvert-van Poppel, M, Fahal A, Mouton J, van de Sande, Wendy WJ. Amphotericin B and terbinafine but not the azoles prolong survival in Galleria mellonella larvae infected with Madurella mycetomatis. Medical Mycology, 2017, 0, 1–10. Doi: 10.1093/mmy/myx064
10 .Queiroz-Telles F, Fahal AH, Falci DR, Caceres DH, Chiller T, Pasqualotto AC. Neglected endemic mycoses. Lancet Infect Dis. 2017; 17(11):e367-e377. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(17)30306-7. Epub 2017 Jul 31.
1. EE Zijlstra, WWJ van de Sande, AH Fahal. Mycetoma, Mycetoma: A Long Journey from Neglect. Editorial, PLoS NTD, DOI:10.1371/journal.pntd.0004244 January 21, 2016.
2. Zijlstra EE, van de Sande WW, Welsh O, Mahgoub ES, Goodfellow M, Fahal AH. Mycetoma. Lancet Infect Dis. 16. 1, 100–112, January 2016. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(15)00359-X
3. Scolding PS, Abbas MAQ, Omer RF, Fahal AH. Madurella mycetomatis-Induced Massive Shoulder Joint Destruction: A Management Challenge. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10(8): e0004849. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0004849
4. Omer RF, Seif EL Din N, Abdel Rahim FA, Fahal AH. Hand Mycetoma: The Mycetoma Research Centre Experience and Literature Review. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016;10(8): e0004886. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0004886
5. Mohamed ElSW, Seif El Din N, Fahal AH. Multiple Mycetoma Lung Secondaries from Knee Eumycetoma: An Unusual Complication. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2016 Jul 21; 10(7):e0004735. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004735. eCollection 2016.
6. Fahal AH, Finkelman MA, Zhang Y, Van de Sande WW. Detection of (1→3)-β-D-glucan in eumycetoma patients. J Clin Microbiol. 2016 Jul 20. pii: JCM.01478-16.
7. Nasr A, Abushouk A, Hamza A, Siddig E, Fahal AH. Th-1, Th-2 Cytokines Profile among Madurella mycetomatis Eumycetoma Patients. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2016 Jul 19; 10(7):e0004862. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004862. eCollection 2016.
8. Suleiman SH, Wadaella el S, Fahal AH. The Surgical Treatment of Mycetoma. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2016 Jun 23; 10(6):e0004690. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004690. eCollection 2016
9. Smit S, Derks MF, Bervoets S, Fahal A, van Leeuwen W, van Belkum A, van de Sande WW. Genome Sequence of Madurella mycetomatis mm55, Isolated from a Human Mycetoma Case in Sudan. Genome Announc. 2016 May 26;4(3). pii: e00418-16. doi: 10.1128/genomeA.00418-16
10. ELbadawi HS, Mahgoub E, Mahmoud N, Fahal AH. Use of immunoblotting in testing Madurella mycetomatis specific antigen. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2016 May;110(5):312-6. doi: 10.1093/trstmh/trw023.
11. Emmanuel E. Siddig, Badr EL Din M. Yousif, Ali M. Edris, Ahmed H. Fahal. The Touch Imprint Cytology: A simple method for the diagnosis of mycetoma causative agents. Khartoum Med J –in press
12. Wadal A, Elhassan TA, Zein HA, Abdel-Rahman ME, Fahal AH. Predictors of Post-operative Mycetoma Recurrence Using Machine-Learning Algorithms: The Mycetoma Research Center Experience. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2016; 10(10): e0005007. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0005007
13. Mohamed NA, Fahal AH. Mycetoma Pulmonary Secondaries from a Gluteal Eumycetoma: An Unusual Presentation. PLoS Negl. Trop Dis. 2016; 10(10): e0004945. doi:10.1371/journal. pntd.0004945.
1. Nenoff P, van de Sande WW, Fahal AH, Reinel D, Schöfer H. Eumycetoma and actinomycetoma – an update on causative agents, epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnostics and therapy. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2015 Feb 27. doi: 10.1111/jdv.13008.]
2. Ahmed SA, de Hoog GS, Stevens DA, Fahal AH, van de Sande WW. In vitro antifungal susceptibility of coelomycete agents of black grain eumycetoma to eight antifungals. Med Mycol. 2015; 53(3):295-301. doi: 10.1093/mmy/myu098. Epub 2015 Jan 28.
3. Ahmed SA, Kloezen W, Fahal AH, de Hoog GS, van de Sande WW. In Vitro Interaction of Currently Used Azoles with Terbinafine against Madurella mycetomatis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2015 Feb; 59(2):1373-4. doi: 10.1128/AAC.04487-14.
4. Fahal A, Mahgoub ES, EL Hassan AM, Jacoub AO, Hassan D. Head and Neck Mycetoma: The Mycetoma Research Centre Experience. PLoS Negl Trop Dis (2015) 9(3): e0003587. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0003587
5. Elfadil H, Fahal A, Kloezen W, Ahmed EM, van de Sande W. The In Vitro Antifungal Activity of Sudanese Medicinal Plants against Madurella mycetomatis, the Eumycetoma Major Causative Agent. PLoS Negl Trop Dis (2015) 9(3): e0003488. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0003488
6. Fahal AH, EL Hassan AM, Mahgoub ES, Rahman ME, Mycetoma in the Sudan: The Mycetoma Research Centre Update. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2015 Mar 27; 9(3):e0003679. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003679. eCollection 2015 Mar.
7. Hala Taha, Ahmed Fahal, Wendy W. J. van de Sande. Mycetoma: Epidemiology, Treatment Challenges and Progress. Mycetoma: epidemiology, treatment challenges and progress. Res Rep Trop Med. 2015:6 31–36
8. Wendy WJ van de Sande, Marian ten Kate, Wim van Vianen, Ahmed Fahal, Irma Bakker-Woudenberg. Amphotericin B but not itraconazole is able to prevent grain formation in experimental M. mycetomatis mycetoma in mice. Br J Dermatol. 2015 Jul 6. doi: 10.1111/bjd.14025.
9. Kloezen W, van Helvert-van Poppel M, Fahal AH, van de Sande WWJ. A Madurella mycetomatis Grain Model in Galleria mellonella Larvae. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9(7): e0003926. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0003926
10. Eshraga A. Ezaldeen, Raif Mohamed Ahmed, EL Sammani Wadella, Nadia EL Dawi, Ahmed Hassan Fahal. Actinomycetoma induced Cervical Spinal Cord Compression: A rare and serious complication. JMM Case Reports. 2015; DOI 10.1099/jmmcr.0.000074.
11. Ahmed SA, van de Sande WW, Desnos-Ollivier M, Fahal AH, Mhmoud NA, de Hoog GS. Application of Isothermal Amplification Techniques for the Identification of Madurella mycetomatis, the Prevalent Agent of Human Mycetoma. J Clin Microbiol. 2015 Aug 5. pii: JCM.01544-15.
12. Verwer PEB, Notenboom CC, Eadie K, Fahal AH, Verbrugh HA, van de Sande WWJ. A polymorphism in the chitotriosidase gene associated with risk of mycetoma due to Madurella mycetomatis – a retrospective study PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2015 Sep 2;9(9):e0004061. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004061. eCollection 2015.
13. Najwa MA, Badr M Yousif, Ahmed Fahal, Wendy van de Sande. The nature of the M. mycetomatis mycetoma granuloma tissue pigments. Khartoum Med J. 2015; 8 (2): 1105 – 1110.
14.Ahmed Hassan Fahal. Aggressive actinomycetoma. Khartoum Med J. 2015; 8 (2): 1116.
15. Emmanuel E. Siddig, Aghapy E. Siddig, Ali Edreis, Ahmed Omer Almobarak, Ahmed H Fahal. The Utility of Fine Needle Aspiration for cytology for the Diagnosis of Breast lesions in low sources area. Khartoum Med J. 2015; 8(3):1153-1157.
16. Emmanuel Edward Siddig, Najwa A. Mhmoud, Ahmed Hassan Fahal. Identification of M. mycetomatis fungus in pleural fluid and sputum of a patient with aggressive gluteal eumycetoma with pulmonary spread. Khartoum Med J 2015; 8(3): 1164-1167.
1. Khamis, AAG, Ali BM, Jacoub AO, Suleiman SH, Fahal AH, Knowledge, Attitudes Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices of Surgical Staff at Khartoum State towards the Hepatitis B virus infection. Khartoum Med J 2014;7(1): 932- 940.
2. Fahal AH, Shaheen S. Jones DH. Orthopaedic Aspects of Mycetoma: Instructional Review. Bone Joint J 2014; 96-B: 420–5. doi: 10.1302/0301-620X.96B3.31421.
3. Al Dawi AF, Mustafa MI, Fahal AH, EL Hassan AM, Bakhiet SM, Mahgoub ES, Mergani A, Mukhtar MM. The Association of HLA-DRB1 & HLA-DQB1 and the occurrence of Eumycetoma. Khartoum Med J – 2013; 6(3): 923 – 929
4. Geneugelij K, Kloezen W, Fahal AH, van de Sande WWJ. Active matrix metalloprotease-9 is associated with the collagen capsule surrounding the M. mycetomatis grain in mycetoma. PLoS Negl Trop Dis Published: March 27, 2014 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002754.
5. Wendy W. J. van de Sande, El Sheikh Maghoub, Ahmed H. Fahal, Michael Goodfellow, Oliverio Welsh, Ed Zijlstra. The Mycetoma Knowledge Gap: Identification of Research Priorities. PLoS Negl Trop Dis Published: March 27, 2014 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002667.
6. Fahal AH, Mahgoub ES, EL Hassan ESM, EL Tayeb E, EL Hassan AM. Eye Eumycetoma: The Mycetoma Research Centre, Sudan Case Series & Literature Review. Infectious Diseases in Clinical Practice 6 June 2014, doi: 10.1097/IPC.0000000000000157.
7. Sarah Abdalla Ahmed, Wendy Kloezen, Frederick Duncanson, Ed Zijlstra, G. Sybren de Hoog, Ahmed H. Fahal, Wendy WJ van de Sande. Madurella mycetomatis is highly susceptible towards Ravuconazole. PLoS Negl Trop Dis June 19, 2014 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002942
8. Najwa A Mhmoud, Ahmed H Fahal, El Sheikh Mahgoub, Wendy W J van de Sande. The combination of Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid and ketoconazole proved to be effective and safe for treatment of Madurella mycetomatis eumycetoma patients with secondary Staphylococcus aureus infection. PLoS Negl Trop Dis June 19, 2014 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002959.
9. Wendy W. J. van de Sande, Ahmed H. Fahal, Michael Goodfellow, El Sheikh Maghoub, Oliverio Welsh, Ed Zijlstra. The merits and pitfalls of the currently used diagnostic tools in mycetoma. PLoS Negl Trop Dis July 03, 2014 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002918
10. Ahmed SA, van de Sande WJ, Stevens DA , Fahal AH, van Diepeningen A, Menken SBJ, and de Hoog GS. Revision of agents of black-grain eumycetoma in the order Pleosporales. Persoonia 2014; 33: 141–154.
11. Samy AM, van de Sande WWJ, Fahal AH, Peterson AT Mapping the Potential Risk of Mycetoma Infection in Sudan and South Sudan Using Ecological Niche Modeling. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8(10): e3250. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0003250
12. Welsh O, Al-Abdely HM, Salinas-Carmona MC, Fahal AH (2014) Mycetoma Medical Therapy. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 8(10): e3218. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0003218. http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0003218
13. Fahal A, Mahgoub ES, EL Hassan AM, Abdel-Rahman ME, Alshambaty Y, Ed E Zijlstra A New Model for Management of Mycetoma in the Sudan. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014, 8(10): e3271. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0003271
14. Fahal AH. Mycetoma Comm Dermato J. 2014; 10: 15-17.
15. Swierstra J, Debets S, de Vogel C, Lemmens-den Toom N, Verkaik N, Ramdani-Bouguessa N, Jonkman MF, van Dijl JM, Fahal A, van Belkum A, van Wamel W. IgG4 subclass-specific responses to Staphylococcus aureus antigens shed new light on host-pathogen interaction. Infect Immun. 2014 Nov 17. pii: IAI.02286-14.
16. Sarah A. Ahmed, Bert Gerrits van den Ende, Ahmed H. Fahal, Wendy W. J. van de Sande, GS. de Hoog. Rapid Identification of Black Grain Eumycetoma causative agents Using Rolling Circle Amplification. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2014 Dec 4;8(12):e3368. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003368. eCollection 2014 Dec.
17. Kimberly Eadie, Ahmed Fahal, Wendy WJ van de Sande. In vitro activity of antiseptic solutions against M. mycetomatis, implications on eumycetoma management. Br J Dermatol. 2014 Nov 27. doi: 10.1111/bjd.13570. [Epub ahead of print]
18. Suleiman HK, Ibrahim OM, EL Hassan AM, Fahal AH. Fat Necrosis of the Breast: in diabetic patients. Khartoum Med J. 2014; 7:2, 1000 – 1004.
19. Ahmed AK Ahmed, SH Suleiman, Fahal AH Aggressive Uncontrolled Gluteal Eumycetoma Invading the Pelvic Cavity and the Spinal Cord: Unusual Clinical Presentation. Khartoum Med J. 2014; 7(2): 1005 – 1007.
20. Ahmed SA, Kloezen W, Fahal AH, de Hoog GS, van de Sande WW. In Vitro Interaction of Currently Used Azoles with Terbinafine Against Madurella mycetomatis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2014 Dec 8. pii: AAC.04487-14. [Epub ahead of print]
21. Ahmed SA, de Hoog GS, Stevens DA, Fahal AH and van de Sande WJ. “In Vitro Antifungal Susceptibility of Coelomycete Agents of Black Grain Eumycetoma to Eight Antifungals Med Mycol. 2015 Jan 28. pii: myu098. [Epub ahead of print].
22. Hay RJ, Fahal AH. Mycetoma: an old and still neglected tropical disease. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2015; 109(3):169-70. doi:10.1093/trstmh/trv003.
23. Ahmed SA, van de Sande WW, Stevens DA, Fahal A, van Diepeningen AD, Menken SB, de Hoog GS. Revision of agents of black-grain eumycetoma in the order Pleosporales. Persoonia. 2014 Dec; 33:141-54. doi: 10.3767/003158514X684744. Epub 2014 Sep 16.
1. Fahal, AH, The Mycetoma Research Centre, University of Khartoum, Sudan: a success story that need support. IJSR. 2013 3(1): 1-13.
2. Ibrahim AI, El Hassan AM, Fahal A, van de Sande WW. A histopathological exploration of the Madurella mycetomatis grain.PLoS One. 2013; 8(3):e57774. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057774. Epub 2013 Mar 6.
3. Suleiman AM, Fahal AH. Oral cavity eumycetoma: a rare and unusual condition. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2013; 115(4): e23-5.
4. Ehab AM Elagab, Maowia M Mukhtar, Ahmed H Fahal, Wendy WJ van de Sande. Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells of Mycetoma Patients React Differently to Madurella mycetomatis Antigens than Healthy Endemic Controls. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2013; 7(4): e2081. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002081. Print 2013 Apr.
5. Suleiman HS, EL Hassan LAM, Fahal AH. Long Standing Gluteal Mass: An Uncommon Presentation of Tuberculosis. Khartoum Med J 2013; 6(1): 864 – 867.
6. Osman AH, Ezaldeen EA, Ali BM, Jacoub AO, Suleiman SH, Fahal AH. Poor Infusion Therapy Knowledge among Young Doctors in Two Tertiary Teaching Hospitals in Khartoum State. Khartoum Med J 2013; 6(1): 854 – 858.
7. Van Hellemond JJ, Vonk AG, de Vogel C, Koelewijn R, Vaessen N, Fahal AH, van Belkum A, van de Sande WW. Association of eumycetoma and schistosomiasis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2013 May 23;7(5):e2241. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002241. Print 2013 May
8. Van Belkum A, Fahal A, van de Sande WW Mycetoma caused by Madurella mycetomatis: a completely neglected medico-social dilemma. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2013; 764:179-89.
9. Fahal AH, Elkhawad AO. Managing mycetoma: guidelines for best practice Expert Rev Dermatol 2013; 8(3): 301-307.
10. GS de Hoog, S. Abdalla Ahmed, MJ Najafzadeh, DA Sutton, M. Saradeghi Keisari, AH Fahal, U. Eberhart, B. Stielow, GJ Verkley, Lian Xin, WWJ van de Sande. Phylogenetic findings suggest possible new habitat and routes of infection of human eumycetoma. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2013 May 16; 7(5):e2229. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002229. Print 2013 May
11. Najwa A. Mhmoud, Ahmed H. Fahal, Wendy W. J. Van De Sande. The association between the interleukin-10 cytokine and CC chemokine ligand 5 polymorphismsand mycetoma granuloma formation. Med Mycol 2013, 51, 527–533.
12. Mhmoud N, Fahal A, Wendy van de Sande WJ. Polymorphisms of interleukin-10 and CCL5 Genes in Tuberculosis. Trop Med Int Health. 2013; 18(9): 1119-1127. doi:10.1111/tmi.12141
13. Ezaldeen EA, Fahal AH, Osman A. Mycetoma herbal treatment: the Mycetoma Research Centre, Sudan experience. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2013 Aug 22;7(8):e2400. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002400. e Collection 2013.
1. Ibrahim A, Fahal AH. Recovery of radiologically functionless obstructed kidneys. Br J Urol. 1984; 56: 113-115. PMID: 6498428.
2. Fahal AH, Ibrahim A. Post – prostatectomy auto-irrigation with furosemide in the tropics. Pharmatherapeutic. 1986; 4(9): 590-594. PMID: 3094037.
3. Fahal AH. Acute Scrotum – Review article. Post Gradate Doctor. 1987; 10(5): 272-278.
4. Fahal AH, Yagi KI. Skin Endometriosis in Sudan. Trop Geogr Med. 1987; 39: 383-384. PMID: 3451419.
5. Fahal AH, Hassan MA. Fournier’s Gangrene in Khartoum. Br J Urol. 1988; 61: 451-454. PMID: 3293689.
6. Ahmed ME, Fahal AH. Preoperative fasting state in patients undergoing elective surgery. Emirates Med J. 1988; 6: 135-137.
7. EL Nour SAM, Fahal AH. Vertebral Solitary Osteochondroma. Saudi Med J. 1988; 9(6): 622-626.
8. Fahal AH, McDollan A M, Marston A. Femorofemoral bypass in unilateral iliac artery occlusion. Br J Surg. 1989; 76: 22-25. PMID: 2917255.
9. Ahmed ME, Fahal AH. Acute gluteal abscesses. Injectable chloroquine as a cause. J Trop Med Hyg. 1989; 92: 317-319.
10. Babekir ARE, Fahal AH, Hediet Alla A. Oesophageal carcinoma in Sudan. Trop Doct. 1989; 19: 33-34. . PMID: 2922814.
11. Fahal AH. Gad EL Rab MO, EL Abdin SZ. The immune status of Sudanese patients with gastrointestinal tract cancer. Sudan Med J. 1990; 28(1-4): 23-29.
12. EL Zaki K, Ahmed MELM, EL Hassan AM, Yousif MA, Fahal AH. Acute gluteal abscess following intramuscular chloroquine injection: A clinical and experimental study. J Trop Med Hyg. 1991; 98: 206-209. PMID: 2051527.
13. Fahal AH, Hassan MA. Mycetoma. Br J Surg. 1992; 79(11): 1138-1141. PMID: 1467883.
14. Fahal AH, Sahil RB, Suliman SH, Hassan MA. Acute scrotum conditions in Khartoum. Sudan Med J. 1992; (1): 29-39.
15. Ezedeen K, Fahal AH, Ahmed ME. Management of hand infection in Khartoum. East Afr Med J. 1992; 69(11): 616- 618. PMID: 1298617.
16. Fahal AH, Suliman SH, Yagi KI, Gadir AFA, Mukhtar BI, Malik MOA. Salivary gland tumours in Sudan. East Afr Med J. 1993; 70(4): 213-216.
17. Fahal AH, Anwer AG, Suliman SH, Hassan MA. Appendicular mass in Khartoum. Sudan Med J. 1993; 39(1): 86-97.
18. Fahal AH, Suliman SH, Sharfi AR, EL Mahdi MEA. Acute idiopathic scrotal oedema in association with diabetic septic foot. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 1993; 21(2-3):197-200. PMID: 8269822.
19. Fahal AH, Suliman SH, Gadir AFA, EL Hag IA, EL Amin FI, Gumaa SA, Mahgoub ES. Abdominal wall mycetoma: an unusual presentation. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1994; 88(1):78-80. PMID: 8154012.
20. Fahal AH, Suliman SH. Clinical presentation of mycetoma. Sudan Med J. 1994; 32: 46-66.
21. Fahal AH, El Hassan AM, Abdelalla AO, Sheik HE, Cystic mycetoma: an unusual clinical presentation of Madurella mycetomatis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1998; 92:6-67.
22. Fahal AH. Pneumatosis cystoid intestinalis. Review article. Sudan Med J. 1994; 32(1): 1-8.
23. Fahal AH, EL Toum EA, EL Hassan AM, Gumaa SA, Mahgoub ES. A preliminary study on the ultrastructure of Actinomadura pelletieri and its host tissue reaction. J Med Vet Mycol. 1994; 32: 343-348. PMID: 7844700.
24. EL Hassan AM, Fahal AH, EL Hag IA, Khalil EAG. The pathology of mycetoma: Light microscopic and ultrastructural features. Sudan Med J. 1994; 32: 23-45.
25. Fahal AH, Hassan MA, Sanhouri M. Surgical treatment of mycetoma. Sudan Med J. 1994; 32: 98-104.
26. Fahal AH, Barka OZ, EL Lider AM. Pneumatosis cystoid intestinalis. (A case report). East Afr Med J. 1994; 71(6): 401-402. PMID: 7835266.
27. Fahal AH, EL Toum EA, EL Hassan AM, Gumaa SA, Mahgoub ES. Host tissue reaction to Madurella mycetomatis: New classification. J Med Vet Mycol. 1995; 33: 15-17.
28. EL Hag IA, Fahal AH, Khalil EAG. Fine needle aspiration cytology of mycetoma. Acta Cytologica. 1996; 40(3): 461-46.
29. Fahal AH, EL Hag IA, EL Hassan AM, Hashim FA. Leishmanial cholecystitis and colitis in a patient with visceral leishmaniasis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1995; 89: 284. PMID: 7660434.
30. Fahal AH, EL Razig SA, Suliman SH, Ibrahim SZ, Tigani AE. Gastrointestinal tract cancer in association with hepatitis and HIV infection. East Afr Med J.1995; 72(7): 424-426. PMID: 7660434.
31. Fahal AH, Omer SM, El Razig SA, Ali ABE, Mahdi EMA, Mahgoub ES. Thyroid function in mycetoma patients. East Afr Med J. 1995; 72(7): 454-456. PMID: 7498029.
32. Fahal AH, Nasr A. Scrotal sepsis – Review article. Surgery. 1995; 13(8): 2-3.
33. Fahal AH, Azziz KAA, Suliman SH, Galib HV, Mahgoub ES. Dual infection with mycetoma and tuberculosis. East Afr Med J. 1995; 72(11): 749-750. PMID: 8904072.
34. Musa MT, Fahal AH, EL Arabi YE. Aspiration sclerotherapy for Hydroceles in the Tropics. Br J Urol. 1995; 76:488-490. PMID: 7551889.
35. Fahal AH, Gadir AFA, Nasr IO. Penile ossification. East Afr Med J. 1996; 73(4): 276-277. PMID: 8706616.
36. Mohamed ARO, Fahal AH, Venge V. Immunoglobulin and inflammatory markers profile in mycetoma. East Afr Med J. 1996; 73(4): 212 (Letter). PMID: 8698027.
37. Fadl Alla AI, Fahal AH, Ahmed ME, Hassan MA. Pattern of postoperative pyrexia in Khartoum. East Afr Med J. 1996; 73 (1): 78-80. PMID: 8625871.
38. Sourkati EOM, Fahal AH, Suliman SH, EL Razig SA. Intestinal obstruction in Khartoum. East Afr Med J. 1996; 73(5): 31-34. PMID: 8756035.
39. Fahal AH, Yagi HI, EL Hassan AM. Mycetoma induced palatal deficiency and pharyngeal plexus dysfunction. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1996; 90: 676-677. PMID: 9015514
40. Fahal AH, Sheikh HE, EL Hassan AM. Pathological fracture in mycetoma. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1996; 90: 675-676. PMID: 9015513.
41. Fahal AH, Sharfi AR, Sheikh HE, EL Hassan AM. Mycetoma: Uncommon complication. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1996; 89: 550-552.
42. Fahal AH, Sadig ME, Suliman SH, EL Razig SA, Mahgoub ES. Lack of association between ABO blood groups and Rh factor and the tendency to develop mycetoma. East Afr Med J. 1996; 11: 769. (Letter). PMID: 8997873
43. EL Mahdi EMA, Kadaro AY, Fahal AH, EL Awad MS, EL Bagir MN, Mohammed SA, Idris AET, Muktar E. Type 1 diabetes mellitus in the Sudan. Epidemiological features and complications. Sudan Med J. 1996; 34(1): 12-18.
44. Fahal AH, EL Hag IA, Gadir AFA, EL Lider AR, Baraka OZ, EL Hassan AM. The blood supply and vasculature in mycetoma. J Med Vet Mycol. 1997; 35: 101-106. PMID: 9147269
45. Fahal AH, Sheikh HE, EL Lider MA, Homeida MA, EL Arabi YE, Mahgoub ES. Ultrasonic imaging in mycetoma. Br J Surg. 1997; 78: 765-766. PMID: 9278658
46. Fahal AH, Barido NO, Gadir AFA, EL Arabi YE. Calculi within an anal fistula tract. Br J Surg. 1994; 84:1001. PMID: 9240147.
47. Ahmed AOA, Fahal AH, Abugroun EAM, Zijlstra E, Belkum A van, Verbrugh HA. Unexpected high prevelance of secondary bacterial infection in mycetoma. J Clin Microbiol. 1998; 36(3): 850-851.
48. ge PMID: 9817883. [Download free Article].
49. Fahal AH, Sharfy ARA. Vulval mycetoma: a rare cause of bladder outlet obstruction. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1998; 92: 652-653. PMID: 10326112.
50. Ahmed AO, Mukhtar MM, Kools-Sijmons M, Fahal AH, de Hoog S, van den Ende BG, Zijstara, ED, Verburgh H, Abugroun ESA, EL Hassan AM, van Beklkum A. Development of a species-specific PCR RFLP procedure for the identification of Madurella mycetomatis. J Clin Microbiol. 1999; 37(10):3175-8. PMID: 10488173. [Download Free Article]
51. Fahal AH, Zijlstar EE. Keloid en hypertofishe littekens WCS Nieuws 1998; 2(6): 21-25.
52. Fahal AH. The management of mycetoma. Post-Grad -Caribbean. 2000;16(4):229-232.
53. Mahdi SEI, Ahmed AO, Boelens H, Ott A, Abugroun, ES, van Belkum A, Verbrugh H, Fahal AH. An epidemiological study on the occurrence of Staphylococus Aureus in superficial abscesses of patients presenting for surgery in a teaching hospital in Khartoum, Sudan. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol. 2000; 29:155-162. PMID: 11024355. [Download Free Article].
54. EL Hassan AM, Fahal AH, Ahmed AO, Ismail A, Veress B. The immunopathology of actinomycetoma lesions caused by Streptomyces somaliensis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2001: 95(1); 89-92. PMID: 11280076
55. Ahmed AOA, Adelmann D, Fahal AH, Verbrugh HA, Van Belkum A, De Hoog S. Environmental occurrence of Madurella mycetomatis, major agent of human eumycetoma in Sudan. J Clin Microbiol. 2002 40(3): 1031-1036. PMID: 11880433. [Download Free Article]
56. Mohamed T Musa, AH Fahal, YE Elarabi. Gallstone ileus following cholecysto-enteric fistula. SMJ 2002; 40(1):39-40
57. Masri MA, Abdel Seed NM, Fahal AH, Romano M, Baralle F, El Hassam AM, Ibrahim ME. Minor role for BRCA2 (exon11) and p53 (exon 5-9) among Sudanese breast cancer patients. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment. 2002; 71(2):145-7. PMID: 11883440.
58. Ahmed AOA, van Vianen W, ten Kate M, van de Sande WWJ, Van Belkum A, Fahal AH, Verbrugh HA, Bakker- Woudenberg IAJM. A murine model of Madurella mycetomatis eumycetoma. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol. 2003; 37: 29-36. PMID: 12770757. [Download Free Article].
59. Ahmed AOA, van de Sande W, Van Belkum A, Verbrugh HA, Fahal A H, van Belkum A. Madurella mycetomatis strains from mycetoma lesions in Sudanese patients are clonal. J Clin Microbiol. 2003; 41(10):4537-41 PMID: 14532179. [Download free article]
60. Abd Bagi ME, Fahal AH, Sheik HE, Abdul Wahab O, Taifoor MK, Osmanr EM. High incidence of pathological fracture in mycetoma. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2003; 97(5):582-4. PMID: 15307432
61. Fahal AH. Mycetoma thorn on the flesh Review article. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2004; 98(1):3-11. Review.
62. Ahmed AO, van de Sande WW, van Vianen W, van Belkum A, Fahal AH, Verbrugh HA, Bakker-Woudenberg IA.In vitro susceptibilities of Madurella mycetomatis to itraconazole and amphotericin B assessed by a modified NCCLS method and a viability-based 2,3-Bis(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5- sulfophenyl)-5-[(phenylamino)carbonyl]-2H-tetrazolium hydroxide (XTT) assay. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2004; 48(7):2742-6. PMID: 15215141. [Download Free Article].
63. Ahmed AO, van Leeuwen W, Fahal A, van de Sande W, Verbrugh H, van Belkum A. Mycetoma caused by Madurella mycetomatis: a neglected infectious burden. Lancet Infect Dis. 2004; 4(9):566-74. Review. PMID: 15336224
64. Mohamed T Musa, E Elawad, AH Fahal, ME Ahmed. Cholelithiasis in males (Sudan). SMJ 2004; 41(1):16-17
65. EL Hassan AM, Fahal AH, Veress B. Cell phenotypes, immunoglobulins, and complement in lesion of eumycetoma caused by Madurella mycetomatis. Sud J Dermato 2006; 4 (1):2-5.
66. van de Sande WW, Fahal A, Verbrugh H, van Belkum A. Polymorphisms in genes involved in innate immunity predispose toward mycetoma susceptibility. J Immunol. 2007; 179(5):3065-74. PMID: 17709521. [Download Free Article].
67. van de Sande WW, de Kat J, Coppens J, Ahmed AO, Fahal A, Verbrugh H, van Belkum A. Melanin biosynthesis in Madurella mycetomatis and its effect on susceptibility to itraconazole and ketoconazole. Microbes Infect. 2007; 9: 1114-1123. PMID: 17644456.
68. van de Sande WW, Fahal A, Verbrugh H, van Belkum A. Madurella mycetomatis compounds cross-reactive with galactomannan are detectable in culture supernatant but not in serum. J Med Microbiol. 2007; 56: 869-70. PMID: 17510278. [Download Free Article].
69. Ahmed AA, van de Sande WW, Fahal A, Bakker-Woudenberg I, Verbrugh H, van Belkum A. Management of mycetoma: major challenge in tropical mycoses with limited international recognition. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2007; 20(2):146-51. PMID: 17496572.
70. van de Sande WW, Fahal AH, Riley TV, Verbrugh H, van Belkum A. In vitro susceptibility of Madurella mycetomatis, prime agent of Madura foot, to tea tree oil and artemisinin. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2007; 59(3):553-5 PMID: 17324961. [Download Free Article].
71. Fahal AH. Medical Education in the Sudan. The strengths and weakness. Medical Teach. 2007; 29(9):910-14. PMID: 18158664.
72. Hussein A, Ahmed AEM, Fahal AH, Mahmoud A, Sidig A. Awad K, Ahmed EM. Cervical cord compression secondary to mycetoma infection. Sud J Pub Health. 2007; 2(2): 112-115.
73. Quintana ET, Wierzbicka K, Mackiewicz P, Osman A, Fahal AH, Hamid ME, Zakrzewska-Czerwinska J, Maldonado LA, Goodfellow M. Streptomyces sudanensis sp. nov., a new pathogen isolated from patients with actinomycetoma. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek. 2008; 93(3):305-13. PMID: 18157699.
74. Dejan Stojković, Marina Soković, Ana Džamić, Mihailo Ristić, Ahmed Fahal Silvana Petrović, Ivana Djujić Sami Khalid. In vitro Susceptibility of Actinomadura madurae Clinical Isolates to Turpentine Oil of Pinus pinaster and α-Pinene. Arch. Biol. Sci., Belgrade. 2008; 60 (4): 697-701.
75. Abd El-Bagi MEB, Fahal AH. Mycetoma revisited. Incidence of various radiographic signs. Saudi Med J. 2009;30(4):529-33. PMID: 19370281.
76. Yousif BM, Fahal AH, Yahia MY. The Cell Block Technique: A New Diagnostic Tool for Mycetoma. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2010; 104(1):6-9.
77. Fahal AH, Abu Sabaa. AH. Mycetoma in Children. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2010; 104: 117–12. PMID: 19716573.
78. Fahal, AH. Management of mycetoma. Expert Rev Dermatol. 2010; 5(1), 87–93.
79. van de Sande WWJ, Fahal AH, Tavakol M, van Belkum A, Polymorphisms in catechol-O-methyltransferase and cytochrome p450 subfamily 19 genes predispose towards Madurella mycetomatis-induced mycetoma susceptibility. Med Mycol. 26.2.2010; 48(7):959-68. PMID: 20184498
80. van de Sande WW, Fahal AH, Bakker-Woudenberg IA, van Belkum A. Madurella Mycetomatis is not susceptible to the Echinocandin class of antifungal agents. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2010 june, 54(6):2738-2740. PMID: 20350944
81. Darwish A, Nasr AO, Elhassan LA and Fahal AH Cyclosporine-A Therapy induced Multiple Bilateral Breast and Accessory Axillary Breast Fibroadenoma. J Med Case Reports. 2010; 11(4): 267. PMID: 20701786.
82. Fahal AH. Continuing Professional Development in Medical & Health Professions. International J Sud Research, 2010; 1(1): 29-34.
83. Fahal AH, Rahman I A, El-Hassan AM, EL Rahman ME, Zijlstra EE. The efficacy of itraconazole in the treatment of patients with eumycetoma due to Madurella mycetomatis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2011; 105(3):127-32.
84. Alex van Belkum, Ahmed H. Fahal, Wendy W.J va n de Sande. In Vitro Susceptibility of Madurella Mycetomatis to Posaconazole and Terbinafine. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2011; 55(4):1771-3.
85. Zubair Amin, Jack Boulet, David A. Cook, Rachel Ellaway, Ahmad Fahal, Roger Kneebone, Moira Maley, Doris Ostergaard, Gominda Ponamperuma, Andy Wearn, Amitai Ziv. Technology-Enabled Technology-enabled assessment of health professions education: Consensus statement and recommendations from the Ottawa 2010 conference. Medical Teacher 2011; 33( 5): 364–369
86. Fahal AH, EL Sheik H, El Hassan AM. Venous Varicosity in Mycetoma. Sudan Med J. 2011; 47(1): 20-24.
87. Abdelrahman MYH, Mustafa MB, Fahal AH. Educational technology in surgery. Sudan Med J 2010; 46(3):152-159.
88. Fahal AH. Mycetoma. Review article, Khartoum Med J. 2011; 4(1): 514-523.
89. Omer TA, EL Hassan LAM, EL Hassan AM, Fahal AH A rare presentation of Xanthogranulomatous appendicitis and Caecal Angio-lipoma in one patient. Sudan Med J. 2011; 47(3):165-168
90. de Klerk N, de Vogel C, Fahal AH, van belkum A, van de Sande W. fructose-bisphosphate aldolase and pyruvate kinase, two novel immunogens in madurella mycetomatis. Med Mycol. 2012; 50(2):143-51.
91. Paul A Hoskisson, Ralph Kirby, Vartul Sangal, Nicholas P Tucker, Jolanta Zakrzewska-Czerwinska, Katarzyna Wierzbicka, Paul R Herron, Chun-Jong Chu, Dr. govind chandra, Ahmed Fahal, Michael Goodfellow. The draft genome sequence of the human pathogen Streptomyces somaliensis, a significant cause of actinomycetoma. J Bacteriol. 2012; 194(13):3544-5.
92. Zein HAM, Fahal AH, Mahgoub, ES, EL Hassan T, Abdel Rahman, ME, The Predictors of Cure, Amputation & Follow-up dropout among Mycetoma Patients as seen at The Mycetoma Research Centre, University of Khartoum. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2012; 106(11):639-44.
93. Mhmoud NA, Ahmed SA, Fahal AH, de Hoog GS, Gerrits van den Ende AH, van de Sande WW. Pleurostomophora ochracea, a novel agent of human eumycetoma with yellow grains.J Clin Microbiol. 2012; 50(9):2987-94
94. Mhmoud NA, Fahal AH, van de Sande WW. CD4+ T-lymphocytopenia in HIV-negative tuberculosis patients in Sudan. J Infect. 2012; 65(4):370-2.
95. de Hoog GS, van Diepeningen AD, Mahgoub el-S, van de Sande WW. New species of Madurella, causative agents of black-grain mycetoma. J Clin Microbiol. 2012; 50(3):988-94.
96. Fahal AH, Arbab MAR, EL Hassan AM. Aggressive Clinical Presentation of Mycetoma due to Actinomadura Pelletierii. Khartoum Med J. 2012; 5(1): 699-702.
97. Mohamed, EW, Suleiman HS, Fadella, AI, Fahal, AH. Aggressive Perineal and Pelvic Eumycetoma: An unusual and challenging problem to treat. Khartoum Med J. 2012; (5)2:771-774.
98. Wendy Kloezen, Jacques F. Meis, Ilse Curfs-Breuker, Ahmed Fahal, Wendy W. J. van de Sande. In vitro antifungal activity of isavuconazole to Madurella mycetomatis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2012; 56(11):6054-6.
99. Mohamed EW, Mohamed, ENA, Yousif, BM, Fahal, AH. Tongue Actinomycetoma due to Actinomadura madurae: A rare clinical presentation. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2012; 70(11):e622-4.
100. EL Shamy, ME, Fahal AH, Shakir MY, Homedia MMA. New MRI Grading System for the Diagnosis and Management of Mycetoma. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2012; 106(12):738-42.
101. Fahal AH, van de Sandy, WW. The Epidemiology of mycetoma. Current Fungal Infection Reports. 2012; 6( 4): 320-326
102. Mhmoud NA, Fahal AH, van de Sande WW. The association between the interleukin-10 cytokine and CC chemokine ligand 5 polymorphisms and mycetoma granuloma formation. Med Mycol. 2012 Dec 4. [Epub ahead of print
103. Mohamed YH Abdelrahman, Mayson B Mustafa, Shahd A Osman, Hanadi Hassan, Ahmed Hassanain, Ahmed H. Fahal. Assessing information and communication technology in surgical training, Sudan as example. South Sudan Med J. 2012; 5(3): 66-68.